Lithium battery cathode material portable#

Molenda&Kubik, 1989), Li xYBa 2Cu 3O 7 ( J. Molenda: Li xTiS 2 ( Than et al., 1991), Li xVO 2 ( J. Numerous works on cathode materials by J. The intercalation of lithium (which is always a combined ionic- electronic transport process, involving insertion of Li + ions and an equivalent number of electrons) to transition metal compounds M aX b can be put down as follows:ĭifferent type structures capable to lithium intercalation. Stability of structure during the whole process is due to strong ionic and covalent bonds between M and X atoms. In this process, the basic elements of the structure do not undergo any changes, except for minor reversible variations of latticeparameters. Fig.1 presents different type structures capable to intercalation process. Li-ion batteries are based on capability of transition metals compounds M aX b (M- transition metal X = O, S) with layered or tunnel structure to reversibly insert lithium (one or more mol Li per molM aX b) at room temperature without significant changes in their crystallographic structure ( intercalation process) ( Whittingham, 1978 Tarascon& Armand, 2001 Ohzuku, 1993). How does a Li-ion battery function and how can it be improved? The lack of experimental data on real lifetimes of Li-ion batteries in changeable climatic conditions – from +40☌ to -40☌ (the required lifetime of batteries is ten years for vehicles and 1-4 years for laptops) constitutes also a big problem.Ģ. This raises numerous challenges to develop new material technologies – cell components with a better chemical and thermal stability, as well as to solve problems such as heat dissipation dependent on the cell housing system. The bigger the capacity, the more energy is accumulated – therefore, more strict security measures must apply. The security of usage of that kind of batteries is an important issue.

Lithium battery cathode material portable#

The required capacity of a Li-ion battery for vehicle applications and renewable energy systems is much bigger than for portable electronics – 20-100 kWh. Promising for the future and still undergoing rapid development is the technology of reversible lithium cells, commonly known as Li-ion batteries. The widespread technology of reversible Ni-Cd and NiMH cells reached the theoretical limit of available improvements. Huge development electric vehicles market and storage energy in renewable energy systems forces usage of batteries characterized by high volumetric and gravimetric density of stored energy, exhibiting large number of charge/discharge cycles, being safe for user as well as of low environmental impact and low cost.